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There are two types of selection - - natural and artificial. This process has taken place since the beginning of. Thousands of years ago people learned that. But our. ancestors didn't know what their chances of success were nor did they understand. About Our Flower Delivery Areas West Los Angeles, Brentwood, Marina Del Rey, Venice, Beverly Hills, Century City, Culver City, Mar Vista, Playa Del Rey, Los Angeles. It wasn't until. the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries that humans began to understand. Even today. these fundamentals aren't completely understood. But enough is known so. In garden plants, asexual reproduction occurs. Asexual reproduction can be brought. Plants that originate from asexual reproduction are usually identical. From this union a seed - - and ultimately a new plant - - is produced. ![]() ![]() The plants originating from sexual reproduction are often quite. Because of this possibility. The reproductive. Fig. A part of the. At the base of the pistil is the ovary; it produces ovules, which. When the ovules are fertilized by the male. The sepals, which often are green, cuplike structures, support. You can. identify the stamens by the yellow powder (pollen) on their tips and the. On an unusual flower, however. Some common perfect flowers. Both pistillate and staminate flowers. Examples of plants with pistillate. Plants with staminate and pistillate flowers on different. The florets. often resemble petals. Some florets have both stamens and pistils; they. Some have only pistils; they are called ray florets. Typical composite flowers are zinnias, chrysanthemums. The. pollen is then carried to the stigma by various natural means, the most. In plant breeding, pollination is carefully. In cross- pollination the pollen is transferred from the anther. In. self- pollination the pollen is transferred from the anther to the stigma. After the pollen. Fig. It is in the ovule that the male and female germ cells unite. Once. fertilization has occurred development of the ovule begins. The result. is a seed. The laws of heredity explain why different traits are inherited. Moreover, these laws make it possible. A. knowledge of the laws of heredity is essential for effective plant breeding. All cells contain genes, which are the units that determine. Except for the germ cells, each cell in. The germ. cells have only one gene for each trait. Of the thousands of germ cells. The various combinations of the many genes inherited from the pollen. Nevertheless, the gene for. By observing the occurrence in the. If the first- generation offspring are not. In the following discussion, we will assume. Figure 5 illustrates the ways in which the genes of the pollen. Each square represents. In the diagram the letter R represents the gene for red. As shown. in Fig. F1 plant will inherit a gene for red from one. Figure 6 illustrates the four. The offspring resulting from the self- pollination. F1 generation are called the second filial or F2. RR), two seeds that will have. Rr), and one seed that will have. If there are only a small number of seeds, the. However, for large numbers. If a seed contains two genes for the same color, it is said to be pure. For example. in Fig. RR) will result. in red flowers and the seeds containing two genes for yellow (rr) will. The seeds containing genes for both colors (Rr). Some genes are dominant and some are recessive. R) is dominant and yellow (r) is recessive. Whenever an R occurs. F1generation) all the seeds have an R gene; thus all the flowers. F2generation) R occurs in three of the. The dominant gene. R does not appear in the lower right square; therefore the recessive trait. Thus, for a large number. F2 generation, where red has complete dominance. Fig. Sometimes neither gene is dominant or recessive. Rr occurs. we can expect the flower to be mauve. An examination of Figs. F1 generation all. F2 generation we may. RR), two mauve (Rr), and one yellow (rr) flower out of. Fig. Cross- pollination is usually necessary to develop. Once the trait that is desired is fixed, that is, the plant. F2 generation. We will assume three different situations: (1). As explained above and illustrated in. Figs. 7 and 8, regardless of whether. These yellow flowers are pure, that is. R genes. Therefore if you self them, they and their offspring. Fig. If red is the dominant gene, the F2. Rr and some containing RR (see Fig. The problem, then, is to isolate the ones containing RR, since. If you self all the plants with. F3 generation). with all red flowers and some will produce offspring with some red and. The self- pollinated parents that produced both red. Rr. But the parents that produced only red offspring have bred true - -. RR. To keep track of which red flowers produce only. Once you have isolated. RR) you'll have no trouble in fixing the trait. As explained earlier, mauve flowers will. In the F2. generation, if there is incomplete dominance, two out of every four flowers. Fig. When you self these flowers. F2 generation - - 1: 2: 1. In other words, the color mauve. The most you can expect in the long run, if you self mauve. The above discussion is given only. By crossing and selfing. Some traits that are. With two genes for each trait in each. Even if you are interested in replacing only one. Some characteristics, such as yield and fruit size, are. F1 hybrids of vegetables and flowers are. These varieties. are the result of crosses between two pure lines. The purpose of the cross. Some characteristics obtained in this way are increased. Therefore. in order to maintain all the desirable characteristics of the hybrid, the. It is seldom worthwhile to save. Here are some items that you may find useful. Magnifying glass (1. Small sharp- pointed scissors. Camel- hair brush. Small containers or vials. Rubber bands or soft wire. Paper or cellophane bags. Notebook. When to breed. Prepollination steps generally should begin just before the flower opens. Since most plants. It is. advisable to check for this before you begin breeding, for although you. An example of a barrier that can be overcome is the natural. It is possible. however, to open the flower by hand. An example of a barrier that cannot. The mechanism that performs this cannot be removed without. It. is usually easier to tell which ones are healthy after a few flowers on. This powder is the pollen. If you brush your fingernail. A fresh. flower is more likely to have healthier pollen than one that has started. It should have either. This can be done with colored. Or you. can use paper labels, covered with varnish to protect them from the weather. If the plant. is to be cross- pollinated, the stamens will have to be removed to prevent. The removal of the stamen is called emasculation. A magnifying glass will be particularly useful. This can be done by one of the following methods. Closing the flower. In many flowers, such as morning- glories. Fig. 1. 1) Care should. Some flowers, such as composite flowers. To protect them from unwanted pollen, you can cover the. Or, if you wish to observe the flower at all times. The bag should be held securely. Fig. However. indoor as well as outdoor plants require emasculation to avoid self- pollination. There are several methods that can be used for crosspollinating. Here are four of the most common methods. Remove the stamens from the pollen parent with tweezers. Place the stamens. Remove the protector from the seed parent. Holding. a stamen with the tweezers, gently brush the anther across the stigma (Fig. Replace the protector. Remove the protector. With tweezers remove a stamen from the pollen parent. Replace. the protector. Remove the protector from the seed parent. Fig. Replace the protector. Remove the bag from the pollen parent. Remove the protector from the seed. This is usually. done on corn. This step is very important to prevent pollination of the. After. you wash the instruments be sure that they are dry before using them again. Procedures for self- pollinating flowers will depend. For perfect flowers, your job is done once you have. Since they have both pistils and stamens, they can. In selfing imperfect flowers, the pollen from. To do this you can use any of the methods given. The next. step is to label the seed parent. The standard method of labeling is as. Keeping complete and accurate records of your breeding. The information that you record should contain. An easy way to keep track of the offspring is to assign consecutive. In plants. grown for flowers, harvest the seed as soon as the seed pod is dry or when. In fruits and vegetables the seed will be. Be careful to keep seed from different crosses and selfs. Air- dry the seed in a fairly warm spot for a week. The offspring can then be used for further study. The techniques suggested here, with slight modifications, can. Some of the varieties that you can work. The staminate flower is the tassel; the pistillate. The silk, which has a hairy surface throughout most. You can work with as many varieties as you wish. Corn tassels lose their pollen in a relatively short. Mark the rows for future reference. A clear plastic or glassine bag will allow you to watch. Cover several ear shoots, for the more that are pollinated. When the silks are visible the ear is ready. The appropriate tassel should then be bagged for use the. The bag should be secured tightly at the base of the tassel. Remove the bag from the tassel, bending the tassel downward to. Fig. Place the bag from the tassel over the. Secure the bag to the stalk. Fig. After the pollinated. The flowers are. imperfect, with both the male and female flowers on the same plant. The. pistillate flower is enlarged at the base while the staminate flower is. Fig. It is also possible to cross some. Label the rows so that you will. The flowers will be slightly open, revealing the inner color. Both pistillate. and staminate flowers should be protected, to prevent bees from entering. Replace the bag on the pistillate flower. Maturity is usually. Save the seeds until the next. The year after that, when you plant the. F generation, segregation.
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